A Precarious Step

The Gambia, once a beacon of progress in the fight against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), teeters on the edge of a harmful regression. In 2015, the country outlawed FGM, a practice that removes or alters healthy female genital organs for non-medical reasons. This landmark legislation and a national strategy to end FGM by 2030 offered hope for a future free from this harmful tradition. However, a recent bill seeking to repeal the ban questions the country’s commitment.

The proposed repeal, currently under debate in the Gambian National Assembly, has sparked an international outcry. Rights groups warn it would dismantle years of progress and encourage a practice that violates girls’ rights and carries severe health risks. The World Health Organisation estimates over 200 million girls and women globally have undergone FGM, with the Gambia ranking among the countries with the highest prevalence rates. The justifications for repeal are rooted in cultural and religious beliefs. Proponents argue the ban disrespects tradition and infringes on parental rights. However, Islamic scholars in the Gambia, a Muslim-majority country, have debunked the misconception that FGM has any religious basis. The implications of a repeal extend far beyond The Gambia’s borders. It could set a dangerous precedent, encouraging other countries with high FGM rates to consider similar rollbacks. This, in turn, could lead to a domino effect, reversing hard-won gains in the global fight against FGM.

Nigeria, still grappling with the prevalence of FGM practices, must take heed. While FGM is illegal under the Violence Against Persons Prohibition (VAPP) Act 2015, enforcement remains weak. Section 6 of the VAPP Act outlines the consequences for those involved in Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). The Act stipulates that anyone who carries out FGM on someone or arranges for it to be done can face up to four years in prison, a fine of up to ₦200,000, or both. Additionally, if a person tries to, assists in, encourages, or provokes someone else to engage in FGM, they could be sentenced to a maximum of two years in jail or fined up to ₦100,000, or both. The Gambian situation is a stark reminder of the constant need for vigilance. Nigeria has the third-highest number of women and girls who have undergone FGM globally. While the national prevalence has decreased slightly, it is concerning that the practice is increasing among girls aged 0-14, with chilling stories of forced FGM circulating in the media. Regional variations exist, with the South East and South West having the highest rates.

To enhance its legislative framework and effectively combat Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), Nigeria must adopt a strategic approach that addresses both the legal and cultural aspects of this complex issue. The current penalties for FGM in Nigeria are insufficient to act as a deterrent. The maximum fine of ₦200,000 (approximately $150) does not reflect the severity of the crime, nor does it provide a substantial disincentive to those who might consider engaging in or facilitating FGM. By substantially increasing fines and extending prison sentences for those found guilty of FGM, Nigeria can send a clear message that this practice is unacceptable. Additionally, the government should ensure stricter enforcement of existing laws, including thorough investigations and prosecutions. This approach would deter potential offenders and demonstrate the country’s commitment to protecting the rights and health of its women and girls.

FGM is deeply rooted in cultural and religious beliefs, making it essential to engage community leaders to eradicate it. Traditional and religious leaders in Nigeria hold significant influence and can play a pivotal role in shifting societal perceptions. By involving these leaders in ongoing dialogues about the dangers and long-term consequences of FGM, it is possible to promote cultural shifts that favour alternative rites of passage and more progressive views on women’s health and rights. Outreach programs, educational campaigns, and workshops tailored to these influential groups can foster a supportive environment where change is welcomed and sustainable.

Many Nigerian women who have undergone FGM experience lasting physical and psychological trauma. FGM has no medical benefits and causes severe physical and mental trauma. It can lead to infections and childbirth complications. The government – state and federal – must invest in comprehensive healthcare services designed specifically for FGM survivors. This should include not only medical care for the immediate and long-term health issues related to FGM but also mental health support to help women cope with the emotional and psychological impact. Establishing dedicated clinics, training healthcare professionals, and providing support groups can create a safety net for survivors, offering them the care and resources they need to rebuild their lives.

On the regional front, The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) must take a proactive approach to advocate for human rights by emphasising the harmful impact of FGM on women and girls. To do this, ECOWAS can engage with key stakeholders in the Gambia, such as government officials, civil society groups, and religious and traditional leaders, encouraging open discussions about the adverse effects of FGM. By initiating these conversations, ECOWAS can motivate Gambian authorities to sustain their commitment to human rights and gender equality, reinforcing the importance of the anti-FGM ban.

In addition, The Gambia’s obligations to international human rights agreements, like the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, should be upheld. ECOWAS should encourage the Gambian government to honour these agreements and stress that repealing the ban on FGM would undermine progress toward women’s empowerment and human rights. A strong public statement from ECOWAS condemning the proposed repeal of the FGM legislation can send a clear message about its commitment to safeguarding the rights of women and girls. By supporting local Gambian civil society organisations through funding, capacity-building, or technical assistance, ECOWAS can also enhance grassroots efforts to end FGM and promote regional cooperation through conferences and workshops to share successful strategies. This approach will help create a unified front against harmful practices like FGM across the ECOWAS region.

Nigeria must lead the global efforts against FGM. Legislation alone cannot eradicate a practice deeply entrenched in tradition. Educational campaigns and support for alternative rituals and survivor care are essential. The Gambian situation is a cautionary tale, underscoring the need for unwavering commitment and a holistic approach. Nigeria must learn from this precarious tightrope walk and ensure its steps towards ending FGM remain firmly forward.