State Security Agencies and Professionalism in Nigeria

The efficacy and credibility of Nigeria’s security agencies have come under intense scrutiny, especially as the country faces increased security challenges, ranging from insurgency to banditry, kidnapping and communal clashes. The need for professionalism among institutions such as the Nigerian Army, the Nigerian Navy, the Nigerian Air Force, the Nigerian police force, NSCDC and other para-military security agencies cannot be overemphasised. Nigeria’s security outfits operate with varying degrees of professionalism. While some agencies exhibit commendable conduct in carrying out their duties, others succumb to corruption, lack of commitment and abuse of power. This lack of standardisation poses a severe threat to the overall effectiveness of the security sector.

According to a journal article, “Professionalism in the Nigeria Police and Public Trust in the fight against crime“, professionalism encompasses specialised knowledge, competency, accountability, self-regulation, emotional intelligence, politeness, physical appearance, honesty and integrity. This applies not just to the police but to all other security outfits within the country. One key contributing factor to the disparities in professionalism across security agencies in the country is the inconsistencies in training and capacity building. Limited resources and outdated methodologies hinder skill development and knowledge acquisition, leading to ill-equipped officers handling the daily complex and evolving security challenges.

Corruption and ethical lapses within Nigeria’s security outfits present a significant obstacle to achieving high professionalism. Instances of bribery, extortion, and abuse of power erode public trust and further deteriorate the reputation of security agencies. Some efforts have been made to root out the alleged rotten eggs, as seen in the probe of a customs officer who allegedly sought a bribe at the Murtala Muhammad International Airport. However, the frequency of extortions remains prevalent, as with highway bribes, which have become inescapable, especially for commuters. Stringent measures must be implemented to combat corruption and hold those who engage in such activities accountable. It is important to state that corruption in the security sector is not different from corruption by the political class or corrupt practices in the bureaucracy.

Another challenge to professionalism in Nigeria’s security outfits is the politicisation of security. This occurs when loyalty to political leaders precedes the duty to protect and serve the public. With ongoing discussions around state policing and its possibility of coming to fruition, there is a pressing need to steer away from the politicisation of security, especially as the police would be under the control of state governments. Furthermore, appointing individuals based on political, ethnic, religious or socio-cultural affiliations rather than merit undermines the effectiveness and professionalism of security agencies. Although Nigeria’s Federal Character Principle legislates for the balancing of appointments and recruitments among Nigerians from the 36 federating States and FCT, efforts should be made to pick the best from these states who are willing and better qualified to serve in these security agencies rather than those on the recommendations of one highly placed or politically exposed persons.

Inadequate resources also contribute to the challenges of maintaining professionalism within Nigeria’s security outfits. Insufficient funding and outdated equipment hinder the ability of security agencies to respond to threats effectively. While funding for the defence has increased considerably over the years, police funding, for instance, has been insufficient. Furthermore, doubts abound over the possibility of improved security despite the boost in military spending, which stands at $4 billion. Adequate resources must be allocated, and proper utilisation is necessary to ensure officers have the tools and infrastructure to carry out their duties professionally and efficiently. However, it is also important to note that issues of lack of effectiveness within Nigeria’s security system are rooted in the nature and character of the Nigerian state.

Several strategies need to be implemented to bolster professionalism across Nigerian security architecture. Strengthening accountability mechanisms can effectively fight corruption and ethical lapses. While whistle-blower protections and anonymous reporting systems can encourage individuals to come forward with information on malpractice, strict disciplinary actions must be taken against officers engaging in illegal activities.

Therefore, professional development programs should be given priority to address the contradictions in training and capacity building. This will equip officers with the necessary skills and knowledge to execute their duties competently. Nigeria’s security agencies can bridge this gap between them and their global counterparts by engaging international training institutions and adopting modern methodologies.

Professionalism could also be enhanced through recruitment and retention reforms. Stringent vetting procedures should be undertaken during officer recruitment to select only persons with high moral character. Furthermore, remuneration packages coupled with incentives sufficient to attract and retain competent officers should also be implemented to reduce corruption temptation.

Nigeria’s Security Outfits must engage Civil Society. Close collaboration with civil society organisations can provide a platform for citizens to voice their concerns, offer suggestions, and hold security agencies accountable. Regular interactions and feedback mechanisms can help build trust and improve the public perception of these agencies. Professionalism within Nigeria’s security agencies is critical to adequately fighting the country’s numerous security concerns. Nigeria’s security agencies may rebuild public trust and increase effectiveness by standardising, improving training, combating corruption, allocating proper resources, and collaborating with civil society.