The Mano River Basin, encompassing Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Côte d’Ivoire, has long been plagued by insecurity. This is due to the complex interplay of factors ranging from civil wars to political instability and economic challenges. The region witnessed some of the most devastating conflicts in Africa’s recent history. The civil wars that occurred in Sierra Leone and Liberia during the 1990s and early 2000s had a lasting negative impact on the region. These conflicts resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, the displacement of millions of people, and the destruction of infrastructure and institutions in the area. The conflicts were driven by various grievances, such as political marginalisation, economic inequalities, and ethnic tensions.
Weak governance structures, rife with corruption, nepotism, and a lack of accountability, breed political instability in the region. For instance, Mamady Doumbouya’s 2021 coup in Guinea was necessitated by the country’s dire political situation, the instrumentalisation of the judiciary, non-respect of democratic principles, and corruption. Inadequate representation of diverse ethnic groups in decision-making processes has also exacerbated tensions and fuelled resentment.
Economic challenges, including persistent poverty, high unemployment rates, and limited access to essential services, exacerbate the security situation. According to a Statista report, Guinea is the worst affected by unemployment among the Mano River countries, followed by Sierra Leone, Liberia and Cote d’ivoire. Economic disparities within and between countries in the basin have widened social divides and fostered feelings of marginalisation, especially among youth.
Border disputes and cross-border tensions have also been recurring sources of insecurity in the region. Competing claims over land, natural resources, and trade routes have often led to conflicts between neighbouring communities and occasionally escalated into diplomatic disputes between governments. Furthermore, the proliferation of unauthorised crossing points along borders creates avenues for illicit activities such as drug smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal arms trade. These activities not only perpetuate criminal violence but also undermine the security of border communities, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and uncontrolled refugee-related challenges.
Despite the challenges, various initiatives have been undertaken to promote peace, stability, and development in the Mano River Basin. Regional cooperation initiatives like the Mano River Union (MRU), established in 1973, serve as a platform for cooperation and dialogue among member states. The MRU has facilitated joint efforts to address common challenges, including cross-border security issues and regional economic integration. Additionally, the United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS) and MRU have recently renewed their commitment to collaboration by signing a triennial Framework of Cooperation Agreement (FCA) for 2024 – 2026. The agreement marks a crucial step in strengthening the partnership between UNOWAS and MRU, building upon their longstanding cooperation since 2013.
The 2024-2026 FCA comes at a pivotal juncture for West Africa and the Sahel, characterised by increased threats to peace and security. It acknowledges the gains made in democratic governance while also addressing emerging challenges that jeopardise regional stability. By taking stock of these developments, the agreement sets the stage for collaborative efforts to mitigate risks and promote sustainable peace and security in the Mano River Basin.
Addressing insecurity and building resilience in Mano River Basin require concerted action. Investments in education programmes that equip youths with relevant skills and knowledge would empower young people and offer alternatives to violence and extremism. Also, strengthening border security and enhancing governance through anti-corruption measures and inclusive decision-making will rebuild public trust, reduce feelings of marginalisation, and combat illicit activities while promoting regional stability.
The partnership between UNOWAS, MRU, and other stakeholders underscores the importance of collaborative action in addressing the complex challenges of insecurity in the Mano River Basin. By leveraging resources, expertise, and political will, these efforts hold the potential to build a more peaceful and prosperous future for the region. However, sustained commitment and investment are crucial to translating these aspirations into tangible results. Insecurity in the Mano River Basin requires wide-ranging and sustained efforts from national governments, regional organisations, and the international community.
